[Reprinted] DBA career success DBA career success Introduced For many years, I spent a lot of time with the news groups who want to know how to be a database administrator (DBA), or how the growth of the IT people DBA for a chat, they have work. In recent years many people how to achieve this goal had different opinions. This paper is a synthesis of views and those in the fulfillment of how well the work is given a good DBA. This article for the same boss on how to become a more valuable DBA. If you have a DBA, then perhaps you will want to jump over the preceding paragraphs of the article. I should become a DBA? I asked the question is a person engaged in the professional DBA Mody. This is not easy to answer, because it varies from person to person. Some people have a natural need to be a good DBA. While others do not think it is easy to become DBA secret. DBA needs to master certain professional skills. But also other requirements of the IT professional is not necessary. Therefore, in order to answer this question, I usually will be to become a DBA who described the requirements necessary DBA career. The following paragraphs, I will end the problem. Please continue to the next stage in the past will take some time to consider and respond to these questions. Many people for many reasons, is determined to become a DBA. One of the main reasons is salaries. DBA is one of the IT industry employment the highest salaries. DBA is because other people want to be like praised by the DBA is the honor, or because he looks very timely and hip! I personally think that it is worthwhile to become a DBA. It is a very interesting and exciting career. Well, you DBA as a possible career choice, what are the reasons? Unless you are well prepared in advance, otherwise you may be found to be engaged in a full DBA career setbacks and headache. A database exists between the operating system and end-user applications. Similarly, the DBA must be well-versed in the database where the operating system. DBA does not necessarily need to know all the systems of knowledge, but he knew better. Very close ties with the database system. It is very necessary to understand this association. DBA server hardware, and it also needs to know how to help with the database. Meanwhile, the DBA must understand application software. DBA may be required to help developers build reliable, robust database applications. Also, the most important is also the most obvious, the DBA must be very thorough understanding of database engine, it is how they work, how the engines are all grouped together, and how they affect end-user database engine and application procedures to transmit data. I have seen the best of a very profound understanding of DBA but not in the database itself. They know that a number of systems management and application development. Many times before they become one or two DBA background. In any case, rather than become a qualified DBA also many excellent background knowledge. Have you already started to prepare school until you can no longer go on? I have talked to many of the difficulties encountered in the beginning DBA job, in trying to absorb a large amount of information actually DBA will be required to understand some problems. After all, the system administrator is a full-time study system details. Application Development staff time to learn how to prepare a good procedure. DBA is not only to understand these two very different work, but also need to spend more time to understand the database structure, and understand that every thing is the combination of each piece! Does not sound very timid? The failure of many people think, make the DBA work as a very difficult thing. Dissemination and understanding of all those who have information, and use this information to make good, sound technical decisions to the people. As I like to say when a DBA, all of which looks like a big mystery to me. The combination of all these is a good challenge. What kind of person are you? Many DBA is ready Hou life. They will receive all the time during the day or night call to solve their database of fatal problems. The database is the commercial information technology infrastructure essential component. No data, there is no need to have a computer system. Data promote business. If not amazon.com website in a searchable database products and if no one orders for their products, then what will become of it? It does not exist in the business a long time. When the database down off, even if only a very short time, the company will be a tremendous loss. For this reason, the DBA must be arrived at the scene as quickly as possible to solve the problem. Many companies have their own DBA team can turn to standby. These DBA 24x7-hour maintenance of the database applications. If the work you prepared to stand by? Some DBA duties include fighting for a patch or software change to the database to do. Typically, these operators often do not work in the company, because the time necessary to run the database so that they can work. This means that the DBA often had early or late in the weekend or, in a word, in work outside normal working hours to complete. You prepared to work irregular hours, or you find a nine-to-five job? The DBA is concerned, it is necessary to grasp the important part is often called a "soft" things. DBA needs of the team are good, usually the team is in the process of change, such as system administrators, network administrators, application developers, project managers and others. DBA fluent English to be able to explain complex technical concepts for a team other people understand. DBA will be able to command team members in the database-related issues. How soft you like? Now not all of the list, including the typical duties of the DBA : Put surveillance database as examples of the work done every day to ensure its usability. And the issue must be resolved. Collection of statistics and performance information for the orientation and system configuration analysis. Examples database configuration and adjusted to the specific requirements of the application process to achieve the best possible performance. Safety analysis and database management. Control and monitoring users database. Audit the use of the database when necessary. Monitor backup procedures. Provide the necessary restoration. Testing Backup and restore procedures. And, when necessary, the use of RDBMS software upgrade patch. Necessary when upgrading or relocation database examples. Related moves through a database to support applications development personnel. Follow the trends and database technology. When available, the use of new technologies. Installation, testing and evaluation of new Oracle-related products. Physical design and implementation of storage. Balanced design to the completion of performance optimization. Build a database configuration and design of the letter examples. Diagnosis, fault detection and resolution of any issues related to the database. Oracle support staff when necessary contacts to be a better solution to the problem. Internet software to ensure that Oracle (SQL*Net, Net8, Names, OiD) configuration and operation of the well. And the System Administrator (Unix & NT) to work together to ensure the proper handling affairs related to Oracle. To effectively, the need for regular maintenance of the database to create any script. All the issues in front of a DBA is to enable you to consider what should be done to help you decide it is not suitable for your job. I do not mean that if your goal is to become DBA these will stop you. I just try to show some of the facts. I see some actual work against the DBA would recover soon. They spend time, energy and money to obtain their first DBA work. Personally, I think this job very worthwhile. I can not imagine now how to do any other. Therefore, this section is to help you decide you want to engage in it. If it is, then all you have to do to get it! How can I be the first DBA? You have read the previous paragraphs and that is a good career as a DBA. Congratulations to you! I hope you can imagine that your job can become so exciting and meaningful. So, how do you find the first DBA? I have heard this question asked by many people many times. In the early 1990s, the rapid development of the Internet. It allows companies like General grass sprout. Internet companies in the scene and began to build up their image. Almost all of these companies have a web site as a web database application with the background. Unfortunately, they did not have so much time in the field DBA. In the IT industry, DBA has become extremely scarce. During that time, the work appeared to be a DBA can be as long as holders of "Oracle" or perhaps only one semester in the university's database of contacts on the trip. To make life better, and the DBA staff shortage has the potential for companies to pay high salaries. If you want to become a DBA, easily, very easily. You need to do is to prove your understanding of what your database and then work harder than expected earlier in your face. Then the Internet bubble has burst. Operation of a large number of Internet companies going bankrupt. Many companies work for the DBA in finding new jobs. DBA DBA companies have found a lack of experienced personnel much easier than before. In the 21st century, because the economy is not very strong, it was not easy living (at least in the case). Companies to tighten their belts. All these into fewer jobs and less DBA candidates for the job vacancies. DBA work to be the first part of each one of the most difficult jobs are required to have work experience. If you are from the company's point of view, you can understand why the posts of DBA experience is necessary. If he had no experience, you will pay high wages to allow him to go to the person operating, maintenance and operation of the IT infrastructure you the biggest and most important part of the organization? The company will pay you the DBA to a lack of experience? Furthermore, in the process of waiting for him to grow up a potential loss of millions of dollars in income. For most companies, the answer to these questions is definitely 'no'. Therefore, the lack of experience, and you have the first DBA work is very difficult. DBA work has now become a vicious cycle resolution to the situation. If I do not have any experience, I can be what DBA work? I did not work, then how can also be DBA experience? This is the most difficult obstacles to overcome. Is the most difficult part of a DBA work. This part of the remaining portion will be aimed at achieving the goals you have a DBA to you some suggestions. Suggested # 1 : education. -- Learn as much as possible of the knowledge database. This is likely to occupy part of your normal work on time. Organize training courses in local universities to participate in the database. Many companies will organize training courses database administrator. If your boss does not subsidize your learning, then you may have to pay their own costs. Many DBA job requirements at least for undergraduate computer science or related professional qualifications above, so you must have at least that kind of diploma. # 2 : DBA training as suggested. -- Many database vendors are allowed to download them to your version of the test or evaluation version of the database system. A download and install software on their personal computer. Practitioners using the database. Vandalism complex database and try to repair it. Try to perform as many as you can think of the DBA duties. Test and hone your skills in the test platform so you can prove your ability to manage database. # 3 : Accredited suggested. Many providers offer their own database -- a database product certification. Many companies now regard certification as a standard. One thing to remember is the only accredited is not enough. Through DBA Certification test does not mean that you know how to manage a database. It is the boss might tell you that you have a certain technology. It also tell your boss you work for the DBA's attitude is very serious. I see many people complaining that they have received certification but no experience, but still can not get first DBA work. Certification does not make you a job, but it is harmless. Even without the other, you have certification when you learn a lot of knowledge. Certification is not to rely on you to bring you find work. You need more than this. But it will eventually help you. # 4 : You suggested using the existing skills. -- Many DBA with System Administrator background. On the other application development background. If possible, check your existing skills to be able to work. The objective now is to you and your boss to create a win-win situation. For example, let us assume that you want to enter the DBA is a systems administrator and the field. You might find a job, working part time management skills can be used in your system, so that you can in the remaining time involved in the field of database management. If you have a certain product platform is the platform DBA but you want to switch to other products, then you can look at the same time reach out to find a platform for the two products. In doing so, the company, and you have the want. DBA to work in your direction, you can try to let you get a full-time job for it, it may be in the same company. # 5 : take the opportunity to suggest. -- Sometimes, a person only needs to enter the DBA field is the right place and right time. If you give your boss a chance to any database, to seize this opportunity! No database experience is better than no database experience. Let your manager know that you are very active in the database to look for any possible opportunity. They may be at the next opportunity will come when you thought. These database project to become a DBA and the desire to see you, they may decide your training, you promoted. Are many, many people in this way he was the first DBA, a database of the project after conducting unknowingly become a lower-level DBA. When a DBA usually leave the company, the company will seek an internal candidate, and if they think that the candidates can be trained. # 6 : The DBA suggested that the search for lower-level jobs. -- If you only to a lower level of DBA, DBA can see that they are looking for jobs in high demand description of the DBA or other. Therefore, let us rigorous. You do not have the experience of a senior. I have discussed why the company will not be considered for the job you do. But they will consider you the low post. In the junior DBA work completed under the guidance of senior DBA. They explored the keys. Generally, senior DBA database of responsibility, but also get all the glory. But not anxious. With your career, you will have more and more responsibility and get more and more confidence. Because you have no experience, you should start operating from here. I have heard of some companies looking for a Senior DBA, but in the end, they actually want to hire a junior DBA. Although you may wish to apply for such a job, you might not be eligible. Or you may decide to use them. But early means you are still in the exploratory stage and has a lower level of DBA level. Do not let them think you are trying to cheat their senior DBA level. This will reduce your chance to be in this work. These hints will help you win the first DBA work. I wish you good luck in finding jobs. When you have found the first DBA work, some continue to learn how to down below the path. I had just received my first job! Now what? Congratulations to you! You are now an official member of the club DBA! For this dream to exciting career, you ready to begin? Your work has just begun and you have fallen behind in learning. You will find the database administrator to become a highly effective you must have a lot of knowledge. Your first year or two years ago, will spend more time than before to learn. If you discover that your knowledge so that the number of brain overload, then the rest, pausing and then go back to studying. To help you keep going, you can, according to the following methods : Step # 1 : relational database theory - this I assume you will manage the database is a "relational" database. There are other database models, but the relational model is the dominant industry for nearly 20 years as a database schema. If your database system is otherwise, then study its theory. Relational database theory is very important. It is the basis of all other. I also saw many people never wanted to go to the center to learn database management positions purely relational database theory. Inevitable, in their careers as a lack of theoretical foundation of the shortcomings exposed for all to see. If you have a good understanding of relational database theory, then you will be very easy for any platform in the relational database management system (RDBMS) to change. I use the Oracle database, or IBM's DB2, or Microsoft SQL Server is irrelevant. They are relational database systems. They are doing the same in the bottom of things. The difference is how they do the same thing. A purely relational database theory that is not necessary for the lower level DBA. But if you want to move beyond the junior level DBA it is very important. Many universities are very good textbook contains a relational database theory. One of the widely-used textbook prepared by the database system based Elmasri and Navathe, Bejamin/Cummings Press. # 2 : Complete the query language learning step-language database so you have to get data from database, data from the database and to revise the data in the database. For relational databases, such language is structured query language (SQL). That language is the tool for you and the contact database. After learning can not allow this to become an obstacle, which is very important. You practice in the testing of different SQL databases until they become your habits. It's a very good book called Oracle 9i complete reference (Oracle 9i The Complete Reference) prepared by Loney and Koch, Oracle Press. Oracle DBA should have every cause in his early read this book. Oracle 9i reference manual (Oracle 9i SQL Reference manual) is another very important source of knowledge. TechNet technology on their website (http://technet.oracle.com) Oracle Online you can visit all the files. You must be a registered account, but it is free of charge. TechNet should have one in each account. # 3 : Learning the basic steps to start a database management-Is it not in your best here? Why is the third in the table? We try to build a pyramid of knowledge, I feel a strong need to know SQL and relational database theory, and you learn how to conduct basic database management tool to use as they work. These include startup and shutdown database, backup and restore databases, and create / delete / update the database object. Oracle for database management, a large number of books available to you can expect a good experience. This book is Oracle 9i DBA Handbook (Oracle 9i DBA Handbook by Loney on Oracle Press). I know that the majority of their career in the early DBA have not read this book over again. Here, you should also read and understand the guiding concept of Oracle 9i, Oracle 9i managers guide, and backup and restoration of Oracle 9i guidance (Oracle 9i Concepts Guide. the Oracle 9i Administrator 's Guide, and the Oracle 9i Backup and Recovery Guide) are from Oracle files. Step # 4 : reading, reading, reading - DBA because you just started your career, you are beginning to lay the foundation for your skills. It takes a long time to form, you will absorb and understand all the knowledge acquired. No doubt, than you experienced a lot of work to be done by the DBA, they may not always devote considerable time to counsel you to learn. You had to learn a lot of things on their own. That is the purpose of reading. There are many books related databases can answer many of the town. Oracle Oracle Corporation is the official Press Publishing House, a large number of Oracle-related books. Meanwhile there are other publishers, such as Wrox Press and O 'Reilly Press. You can also find Oracle files to read. And there are many web sites and news groups. Reading as much as possible so that you can continue. Also, it's not just absorb you so that you can read them when you pass the first reading. # 5 steps : creating a test case - and I asked some basic beginners often see, in fact, if they take some time to consider these questions are answered easily. Undoubtedly, you started to learn when you have a lot of Oracle. I can accept why you can look at the answer to these problems out. For instance, I can once again asked to be shown the only restriction to insert null values. Most, it seems that perhaps it is not very easy to answer. However, it is very easy to test! Only need to create a simple table. In a series, if only restriction. Trying to insert a null value in the series. Effective? You should be able to answer very easily out of this problem. So, why should we create these cases? One of the reasons is that doing so can improve your problem-solving ability. These cases establish the skills needed to solve the problem is to use the skills. Problem-solving skills will be very helpful to the cause of your DBA. Another reason is that with your undertaking, you will often need to create more complex test cases to ensure the success of the database and application procedures. In the future, even a simple test cases can also form more complex database and application decomposition. Step # 6 : find a mentor-a mentor to the DBA for your career (or other similar occupations) lead direction. They can give you directions, answer questions and the process of growth in your DBA to help you save some time. Hopefully this article will cause you some time to play the role of a person. If you work together with a senior DBA, then that individual should have the responsibility for your cause useful guidance. You can also choose other people to guide you. Step # 7 : participation in local user groups - many cities across the country local user group, they meet regularly to discuss topics related to the database. If possible, attend a local user groups. This will give you a very good way to exchange with others. How can I become an intermediate from a beginner level DBA DBA? You have become a DBA for some time, you want to raise the level of skills you have a band? How to do the next step? First of all, waiting to see the front, you have completed all the steps identified. Fully understand the SQL language is very important. Understanding of relational database theory and basic database management tasks are also very important. Today, you should read the books and other documents to the already depressed. If not, then you have not prepared for further studies, increase the skill level of your DBA. If you are ready to go, I have prepared for your further studies ways. # 1 : you learn the steps server operating systems and hardware-as I said earlier, the database exists in the server operating systems and hardware above. Understand how these components is essential. You should know how special and consistency of the operating system. How do you delete or edit documents? If your operating system is Unix, you should use a Unix command line and how to support your work orders. For Windows or other operating systems running on the same terms. You also need to have a certain understanding of server hardware. What is the difference between physical memory and virtual memory? What is different RAID levels and how to have an impact? Why database more like a hard disk instead of the physical hard disk volumes? You need to know these things so that you can easily configured and how your system administrator for the database server so that it can fully support the conversation. # 2 steps : learning applications and database design because it is relevant - such as I have mentioned above, the database exists between operating systems and database applications. You really need both. SQL is helping to create better applications? Binding is what and why they are important variables? Tom Kyte has written a very good book on the Oracle application design gives a very good suggestion. Expert One-on-one his Oracle can be found in Wrox Press. I strongly recommend reading this book. He described in detail the formation and destruction of Oracle applications to those things. You need to know these things because you want from the staff of the application development and database knowledge to guide you to be here. Any design of the study and application of knowledge. Perhaps participating in a software engineering, operating systems or data structure classes in the curriculum would be beneficial. # 4 : To secure authentication steps - or maybe you do not need the work, but you must obtain certification useful. As DBA every day, you learn a lot of new and exciting things. Perhaps this time in your career, some days you do not learn anything new. But you still have a lot to learn. Become a OCP (Oracle Certified Professional) DBA database management requirements you must have learned all aspects of the foundation. OCP examination, I found the learning process, I learned things I never touched work. Once I learned I have never come across a special issue on the subsequent days I will be able to use that knowledge to solve the problem. OCP if I examinations in secondary schools down to it, then I will never use a special kind of method to solve the problem. The first time this has happened in my face. In fact, some people might say that certification is really not worth it. I say you will only benefit harmless. Therefore, to obtain certification! Step # 5 : Access to a pool of resources-in the front part, I pointed out that every DBA should have the account number on Technet. This is one of your major resources. But there were also many other resources. Many people share their knowledge of Oracle. If you have not started, you should use Internet browser to search and collect a lot of Oracle resources. Wish, you can visit my website (http://www.peasland.net). The following is a list of some web sites have Oracle DBA must understand : U Ask Tom-http://asktom.oracle.com U Jonathan Lewis web site-http://www.jlcomp.demon.co.uk/ U Ixora (Steve Adams) - http://www.ixora.com.au U Orapub - http://www.orapub.com U Metalink (Oracle support website) - http://metalink.oracle.com There are many other good websites. # 6 : different steps in the news groups and forums to exchange-you may have found them, but if you have not done so now is the time to start. There are many news groups and forums any Oracle can answer your questions. Oracle Lane in the community and there are many experts willing to share their knowledge. You have to do is question. Below is a table contains the best of the Internet can begin to exchange groups : U Usenet newsgroups - comp.databases.oracle.misc comp.databases.oracle.server and the two share the world's most famous news team. They have a lot of problems against Oracle exchange files. The best way to see these type news broadcasters use. But if you want to visit on the Web, it can also search through the Google search engine. (Http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=comp.databases.oracle) U Quest Pipelines - when they are in the beginning and software providers RevealNet, known as the RevealNet Pipelines. Now, the purchase of the Quest Pipelines RevealNet possess. Pipelines because it is the middle, so these are my favorite. You can find Pipelines (http://www.quest-pipelines.com/index.asp). 观察别人是如何经历考验和磨难的是一件好事。 If you have questions, to be offered free in the group. If you want to ask questions, usually include some information, such as your version of Oracle and Oracle operating platform. This will be a very different answer. If you forget, you will be reminded! You do not even have a question that you can answer many of knowledge of other people. I do not remember how many times I have been able to completely solve the problem because I remember other people in the newsroom Lane asked the same question. I have an intermediate level of how to change a senior DBA DBA? , As you have DBA unremitting efforts for a very long time. You feel that you yourself are well-prepared to go forward step. As a senior DBA need? Now some will help you move. Read all the steps # 1 : Document-Oracle files usually is not very easy to read. Many times, you understand the whole thing just to read the files. If the file is the best thing, then you stand there will be books on the shelves of Oracle Lane market. However, the document did contain some information not found in any other place. For example, you can not find a specific view V$ INIT.ORA parameters, or a detailed description. Books might be involved, but they all incorporate Oracle files. I have met a very formidable senior DBA, he did not thoroughly read the Oracle files. This is not accidental. Oracle is a must-read document. Perhaps you have read to date, 12 times the guiding concept of Oracle. However, when the release of Oracle 10i, you want to read again. Any 10i Lane, the new concept will be recorded in the files. If you really want a higher level, then read those files. Do not evade it. 步骤#2: 成为一名专家 – Oracle数据库是一个非常复杂的东西。为了更上一层，你必须精通产品的许多组成部分。以备份与恢复开始。成为一名备份与恢复的专家。故意的破坏数据库然后察看如何恢复它。尝试以任何可能的方式破坏数据库然后查看还有没有可能恢复。你将彻底的理解备份与恢复的概念。在你成为了备份与恢复的专家以后，再去成为其他领域的专家。你会有无穷无尽的题目要去掌握。在你整个职业生涯中都保持如此。但是请记住，无论你有多么专业，在某些领域，某些人会在某些方面知道的比你多。不要带个人情绪。只是尽可能多的从那个人那里学到知识。 Route #3: 积极参加新闻组，论坛和用户组 – 在前面，我提过为什么不同的新闻组和论坛是学习新知识的很好的地方。现在轮到你进行下一步并且去回答任何你能够回答的问题。你将会惊讶于在这过程中你能学到那么多！ Route #4: 写白皮书并且展示它们 – 这与前面提到的方法类似。首先，共享你拥有的知识是很重要的。假如你的职业生涯已经走到这一步，那么从某种意义上讲，是离不开他人的贡献的。所以，现在是你为他人奉献的时候了。第二，当你企图共享你的信息的时候会有令人惊异的事情发生。在你要用清楚的，简练的语言表述问题以便其他人能够使用时，那些信息在你的头脑里经过了一个令人瞠目的过程。这个过程使你巩固了知识，这是无法通过其它方法进行的。所以在白皮书中共享那些信息，讨论会，以及新闻组和论坛都是你学习和使你的能力更上一层的非常好的方法。顺着这条路，你应该作两件事。第一，认识到你将会犯错误。其他人将会很高兴的指出那些错误，有时在某种意义上那并不是很好。不要企图掩藏你的错误。承认它们并从它们那里学习。第二，学会说你不知道答案而不是企图以欺骗的方式通过。人们早晚会知道你在企图蒙蔽他们。简单的告诉他们现在你对答案并不肯定，但你会在查到答案后回来告诉他们。假如你时刻谨记这两件事，你就不会违背你的诚实而且你将成长为一名职业的IT人。 步骤#5: 成为解决Oracle问题的专家– 高级DBA通常都是被看作是解决复杂的Oracle问题的人。你将会用到你所有的技术来解决许多问题，这些技术都是你的职业生涯中积累下来的。我前面提到的任何事都将会在解决问题的过程中用到；文档，书籍，新闻组，测试案例，和其它DBA都将辅助你解决问题。 步骤#6: 成为性能调优的专家– 高级DBA通常都是被看作是调整数据库和应用程序性能的人。假如你是高级DBA但是你却不能分析性能瓶颈，那么你的公司将会到别处寻找这些服务。 步骤#7: 成为承载能力计划的专家– 高级DBA通常都是被看作是根据数据增长量和交易增长来计划数据库承载能力的人。高级DBA需要在影响应用程序性能以前发现系统瓶颈。例如，DBA应该知道在数据库将可用的磁盘空间用完以前预置更多的磁盘空间。不密切关注承载能力计划将会导致生产数据库宕机。 步骤#8: 密切关注新的技术– 高级DBA应该对IT界的关数据库技术的未来有好的建议。有什么可用的技术可以帮助数据库？例如，学习存储领域网的优缺点以及如何把它们应用到数据库系统。有什么技术在不远的将来可以用，哪些能够帮助我们？例如，写这篇文章的时候，linux操作系统正在变得越来越流行。Lunix会给你的数据库操作系统平台带来些什么？它能为你的公司工作么？ 结论 从获得第一份工作，到从一名初级的DBA成长成一名高级DBA，我希望这篇文章在如何度过你的职业生涯的各个阶段方面给了你一些建议。无论你现在处在你的DBA职业生涯的哪一阶段都可以用到这篇文章。 有意思 是原创吗？ 请注明是原创 or 注明 出处…… 文章很好，真实的反映DBA的成长过程，收藏 好，收藏too 正在努力中。。。。。 有点困惑，，，因为平时更多的时间是用在项目管理中去 又实在是喜欢ORACLE 好文章啊，精华。 好文,正在努力中! 长见识 很完整 luguo  路过 [ 关闭窗口 ]